Handbook of Transparent Conductors by David S. Ginley

Author:David S. Ginley
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Springer US, Boston, MA

As early as 1977, Shannon and coworkers [16] argued that “continuous edge sharing of Cd2+, In3+ and Sn4+ octahedra is a necessary criterion for the formation of a transparent conductor.” This is with reference to the best n-type TCOs. To test the Shannon criterion, the “best value” literature conductivity to date for each of the phases in the CdO-In2O3-SnO2 system is plotted vs. the density (in #/cm3) of octahedrally-coordinated cations in Fig. 8.2 [17]. The value for the distorted orthorhombic perovskite (CdSnO3) is taken from two sources, one bulk and one thin film [18]. The value for orthorhombic Cd2SnO4 is for a bulk specimen, corrected for porosity [19]. The values for Cd2SnO4 spinel [20], Sn-doped bixbyite In2O3 [21], and In-doped rocksalt CdO [22] are for thin film materials. All these phases exist and are suitably donor-doped within Cd-In-Sn-O phase space shown in Fig. 8.3 [19]. There is no appropriate donor dopant for rutile SnO2 in this system, however it is well known that SnO2 can be donor-doped by pentavalent cations (e.g., Sb5+) or monovalent anions (e.g., F−); the value shown in Fig. 8.2 is from the compilation by Minami [23].

Fig. 8.2Best reported conductivity values of TCO phases, plotted against the density (#/cm3) of octahedrally coordinated cations (Cd, In, Sn). The o-CdSnO3 and o-Cd2SnO4 are orthorhombic phases. The o-CdSnO3 and Ga2In6Sn2O16 data points overlap [17]

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